IV&V requirements under 45 CFR § 95.626 establish independent verification during system development. However, in practice, these requirements are not consistently extended into outcome-based verification once systems are in operation.

This creates a misalignment between regulatory intent — ensuring effective system delivery — and operational reality, where post-deployment outcomes are not always systematically demonstrated.

Across different legal systems, oversight mechanisms vary in form but share a common limitation. Whether through audit-driven accountability in common law systems or rule-based administrative control in civil law systems, verification frameworks are primarily designed to confirm compliance and completion, rather than continuously demonstrate outcome improvement.